More on Bill Gates, TED, and Edu-Propaganda

Once more into the breach re: the Gates TED Talk, and my post contesting its framing of teachers.

Reader Jean suggested I reflect on the decision to create and post the video in that post, and I'm happy to oblige. I find the whole thing fascinating. First, the background:

Here's the transcript of the video I made. All text is written, not spoken. The only audio is an electric current sound effect during my text, and the audio of the historical documentary I edited into it:

In his 2009 TED Talk, Bill Gates discussed his "two top problems." The first? Malaria. He showed Powerpoint slides of huge mosquitos, then released a swarm onstage. The audience gasped. By the end of the talk, this history teacher was reminded of a film he'd shown his students: [Cut to the "plague of rats" footage in the 1940 German propaganda film, The Eternal Jew.] Cut to: Gates' second "top problem" was: Teachers. That film about rats? Uncut, it continued: [Cut to: The film's comparison of the problem of rats to the problem of Jews. Lots of statistics in it justifying the anti-semitic message.] Cut to: Gates concludes his TED Talk, "I only had time to discuss two problems. There are others: AIDS, pneumonia...." Let's review Gates' top problems: Malaria, AIDS, Pnuemonia, And Teachers. Mr. Gates, One of these things is NOT like the others. Before you "change the world," please change your rhetoric. It has disturbing precedents. Signed, An Offended Teacher.

In the text above the video, I wrote (with emphasis added):

It was no fun making this imperfect little video response to Gates' talk. But it was no fun watching his characterization of the problem of "teachers."

I'll get into the substance later, but symbolism, rhetoric, and organization - as any good propagandist knows - communicate on dangerously unconscious levels. While I'm not accusing Gates of consciously framing teachers the way he does, I am suggesting he should be more conscious of such things. They have effects, intended or not.

I concluded by asking readers to tell me if I was off-base. One said no, he was angry too; one offered no opinion; three others, two emphatically, said yes.

Debate went back and forth at great length. I was making unjustified assertions, I was told. I disagreed. Finally, I asked what unjustified assertions I had made that I was being asked to back up, and this is the reply:

The claims I want you to back with evidence:
- that Gates wants to get rid of all teachers (like the Nazis wanted to get rid of all Jews)
- that Gates thinks teachers are "pestilent" and "plague-like" (I'm using these terms because they are used to describe rats)
- that Gates thinks all teachers, in general, are a problem

I replied that I had made none of those assertions - and reviewing every comment in that long thread, I still maintain that. More on that below.

Then Jean commented that, to paraphrase, my request that readers "tell me if I'm off-base" turned into intransigence when challenged, true to a psychology study she cited from the '70s. She added that she didn't disagree with my point so much as my "tactic" in making it, by which I assume she means the observed similarities to the German propaganda film, or the video itself. Then she asked me to reflect. I've been reflecting all along, because it's the first time I've ever watched a presentation that made me think - and say - "That reminds me of Hippler's film. It's disturbing." But Jean's nudge pushed me to question that possible intransigence as well. I doubt my response will satisfy everybody, but here goes.

On the use of that film

So my first reflection is this: If the film were a product of, say, Stalinist anti-bourgeois propaganda, placing "capitalist-roaders" within an epidemiological frame; or if it were a McCarthy-era "Red Scare" piece doing the same with the communist threat within our borders, or a Jim Crow era film like The Birth of a Nation - would the comparison have been less objectionable to some?

More to the point: Is any attempt to take examples from 1930s and '40s Germany doomed to resistance and cries of foul play? Would a comparison to, say, Leni Reifenstahl fare any better? Or is it just taboo to connect to specific instances from this period because they will be confused with broad-brushed, full-on identifications that, because A does what B did, A is a B?

What I should have said more clearly, and what I still say: Gates' Talk works like propaganda for today, not for yesteryear

The unfortunate truth is, the Hippler film is the one that came to mind as I watched Gates walk us through the problems of disease #1, then of "the problem of making great teachers" - if it's a problem, that means today's teachers aren't great, and thus "bad teachers are the problem," Gates' positive delivery aside - then disease #2 and #3. The film is a staple of classroom propaganda lessons precisely for its epidemiological framing of a group of humans. I would have given anything to have another example at the ready instead, but I didn't. (And honestly, the origins of that film make the point, more forcefully than any other example, that such rhetoric - or more accurately, semiotics - does indeed have "disturbing precedents.")

Much more below the fold....

I will, though, try to make more clear what my original statement - that I wasn't accusing Gates of consciously using this tactic - apparently didn't, and point to a difference that would have been helpful to point out originally: the German film makes an explicit comparison between the disease trope and the human one. It makes the explicit simile, A is like B. Of course Gates never makes that claim concerning his diseases and our teachers, and I never said, or meant to imply, that he did.

This does not, however, change the semiotic fact: the Talk lays down a unifying concept, "biggest problems," then presents two dominant signifiers: malaria and teachers. After teachers, two more signifiers are laid down in quick succession, AIDS and pneumonia, to close the frame. Three diseases now surround one class of human professionals.

I argue this is dangerous because psychologically, audiences don't need a comparative operator - "like" or "as" - to associate the four examples in his talk with the idea of "disease." The preponderance of epidemiological imagery on both sides of the teacher imagery encourages precisely that association. (And as I said in the comment thread, Gates' dropping of "diarrhea" into the beginning of the speech adds yet another touch of the same.)

Am I saying this second association is conscious on Gates' part, or that the audience will walk away with it consciously either? I've already said "no."  But we do, as a species, make unconscious associations, and those can be perhaps more dangerous than conscious ones. For a different example of this, here's psychologist Phillip A. Goff discussing his research about the effects of unconscious associations on our conscious behavior and volition. Interestingly, he wrote the following after noting the indifference many people expressed about the recent New York Post editorial comic many claim links the ideas of "Obama," "ape," and "murder." Dr. Goff begs to differ that people should "just relax" about such associative performances (emphases added):

[..]Though much of the reaction to the cartoon has been outrage at the implication that our 44th president is remotely simian, there have been other messages in the blogosphere as well. A few pleaded with us to see reason in this post-Obama era. They begged us to understand that the cartoonist clearly meant to impugn congress, Wall Street executives and academic economists and that there was no racial subtext to the piece. Others saw the cartoon as racist but declined to become outraged. Saw the injustice in the image, but saw it as a minor injustice, not one worth worrying too much about. After all, having a black president means that America is post-racial and does not need to worry about petty things like harmless pictures in a paper.

The messages in my inbox mirrored the commentaries I saw online. A few (though not many) defending the cartoon. Many more exasperated with indifference. All of them insisted this was a little thing.

The best science available suggests otherwise.

For the better part of the past seven years, my colleagues and I have conducted research on the psychological phenomenon of dehumanization. Specifically, we have examined cognitive associations between African Americans and non-human apes. And the association leads to bad things. When we began the research, we were skeptical of whether or not participants even knew that people of African descent were caricatured as ape-like — as less than human — throughout the better part of the past 400 years. And, in fact, many were not. However, even those who were unaware of this historical association demonstrated a cognitive association between blacks and apes. That is, when they thought of apes, they thought of blacks and vice versa — when they thought of blacks, they thought of apes.

But the fact of this cognitive association was not the most disturbing part of the research. Rather, it was the fact that the association between blacks and apes could lead to violence.

In one study, participants who were made to think about apes were more likely to support police violence against black (but not white) criminal suspects. The association actually caused them to endorse anti-black violence. Most disturbing of all, however, was a study of media coverage and the death penalty. Looking at a sample of death-eligible cases in Philadelphia from 1979 to 1999, the more that media coverage used ape-like metaphors to describe a murder trial (i.e. “urban jungle,” “aping the suspects behavior,” etc.) the more likely black suspects, but not white suspects were to be put to death. (Full post here.)

Not "de-humanization," but de-professionalization - and privatization

Now I am not saying anything silly like Gates is trying to either de-humanize teachers, or to cause violence toward them. What I am saying is that I see evidence of an agenda to de-professionalize teachers in his push for standardized testing, and the data-tracking of that testing to be used to retain or fire teachers. Rather than address the valid concerns that may have led Congress to strip funds for these data-systems from the recent Recovery Bill, Gates dismissed it with a hint of derision by saying the funds were removed "because some people are threatened by this stuff." (I copied and pasted some of those valid reasons in the bottom of the comment thread to the last post on Gates, if you want to read them.)

I also point to Gates' championing of KIPP charter schools as evidence that he also aims to weaken or destroy - do political violence to - teachers' unions and non-privatized, traditional public schools. (For the best summary I've read of the damning consequences of charter schools for universal and equitable public education, read a recent post by our newest guest-blogger, Sharon Higgins, on Perimeter Primate.) Gates points to KIPP twice as his example of "where great teachers are being made," and KIPP itself admits in word and deed that it is anti-union. First, Gates gives his gushing anecdote about the "sports rally" energy he witnessed among teachers during his visit to a KIPP school ( - and gee, is it just me, or wouldn't any school show some noticeable energy on the day the richest billionaire in America comes to walk its hallways and sit in on its classes? If ever there was a case of the experimenter influencing the experiment, it was this one). Second, Gates gives that free copy of Jay Matthews' KIPP-boosting Work Hard. Be Nice. to each member in his audience.

Think about that: the TED audience comprises some of the wealthiest and most influential people in America. They paid around $6,000 per ticket to this event, and surely could afford to buy the book themselves. By giving a copy to each member of his audience (to which they bizarrely applaud as if they were peasants receiving cake from Marie Antoinette), Gates is instead forcing into their lives the KIPP answer to education reform, rather than any number of less radical, less anti-union, and better-researched reform solutions by the likes of Linda Darling-Hammond or the leaders of the Broader, Bolder Initiative. Worse still, since Gates' mosquito-unleashing stunt gave his TED Talk video even more publicity than its already-high profile as this year's keynote, Gates in effect hawks the Matthews/KIPP solution to the thousands of people who watch the Talk online.

Now consider that Arne Duncan is making the same talking-points - KIPP and data-tracking systems, which means privatized, test-driven, anti-union public schools - when discussing his plans, as the new Secretary of Education empowered to direct over $50 billion of federal funds to reform efforts in the 50 states. And consider that he's making the points in the same simplistic, "these are the answers" language Gates is, and at least entertain my argument that this spells trouble for public education and the teaching profession.

From [anti-union, by no means "proven," as even Gates' chart suggested] Teach for America to the [by no means "proven"] KIPP charter schools to instructional innovations at colleges and universities, we have proven strategies ready to go to scale. (Duncan speech on ed.gov)

Mr. Duncan said he intended to reward school districts, charter schools and nonprofit organizations that had demonstrated success at raising student achievement .... Programs that tie teacher pay to classroom performance will most likely receive money.... (source)

Duncan said he wants states to use other funds allocated in the stimulus package to adopt accountability-oriented reforms...such as the creation [in NYC] of a comprehensive data system, called ARIS, and the introduction of a program that gives some teachers bonuses based on their students’ test scores. (source)

--while I'm on Duncan - and Gates, for that matter - I'll go ahead and state that they both address other forms of professional development for teachers, such as mentorships for new teachers, that can obviously help. But what both of them do by shining the spotlight on KIPP and value-added (test results-based) teacher pay and retention is distract from much larger issues that cry for attention: under-funded schools in poor districts, increasing racial segregation resulting from charters, and the relegation of non-charter public schools to only the worst-performing students from the least-privileged households. (Again, see Sharon Higgins' post for this bigger picture.) We're all watching the magician's right hand, when we should be watching the left.

Further, I didn't note another similarity between Gates' talk and Hippler's film in the original post, but I will, in addition to much more -- in Part 2, later.

Image by jurvetson